نشریه زبان و زبان شناسی
پیاپی 30 (پاییز و زمستان 1398)

This article aimed to investigate the Persian letter similarities based on a phonological approach and the extent to which it affects visual letter recognition while reading, and defining a confusion matrix for the letters. Presenting a new classification according to the similarities of the letters can help to control the errors which occur as a result of letter similarities. The experiment was designed using the E-prime version 2.0, and two Alternative Forced Choice method in accordance with the Persian phonology and writing system. 55 visual minimal pairs were chosen for the test. The first consonant-vowel string of the distractor was introduced as a pre-mask to participants, next the target and the post-mask were presented and at the end the target and the distractor were shown to investigate the recognition of the target by the participants. By examining the participant’s visual and morphological perceptions simultaneously, the statistical descriptive indices and Xi square analysis on effect of age, gender and morphological structure showed that similar letters were more often mistaken in visual recognition than non-similar letters.

In this paper, I concentrate on the analysis of the structure of complex sentences in Persian. These sentences are made of a main clause and one or more subordinate clauses. Different orders of adverbial clauses in relation to the main clause are presented so we try to obtain the unmarked order. Adverbial clauses are of two kinds: central and peripheral. In the present paper we only analyze the order of central adverbial clauses occurring in 3 different orders in respect to the main clause: before the main clause, after the main clause, and the unmarked order. When the central clauses are positioned before the main clause, their order would be causal clause > purpose clause/ temporal clause > conditional clause > main clause and when these clauses appeared after the main clause, the order would be main clause > temporal clause/conditional clause > purpose clause > causal clause, and ultimately we presented temporal clause/conditional clause > main clause > purpose clause > causal clause as an unmarked linear order of central adverbial clauses. Finally, the appropriate position of the clause in the syntactic diagram was introduced.

The family has undergone many changes throughout the history, as one of the most important institutions of society. These changes are mainly due to the changes in people’s attitudes and beliefs towards this institution. In this regard, one of the domains that has undergone striking changes over the last few decades is childbearing and the willingness of families to have fewer children. In the present study, we intend to examine, in a comparative way, the conceptualization of child among two generations of married Persian-speaking women in Tehran, with an cognitive anthropological linguistics approach and show that these changes are, in fact, the result of changing beliefs and attitudes toward the concept of child among these women, which can be traced back to verbal metaphors. To achieve this goal, in this study we have used qualitative methodology and ethnographic strategy. To achieve this goal, have been used. Using a purposeful sampling, 20 married women with children were divided in two groups of 25-40 and 50-70 years old, which we have called them group A and B, respectively. Data about their attitudes toward child was collected by semi-structured interviews. Subsequently, based on conceptual metaphor theory in cognitive linguistics data were analyzed by using qualitative content analysis. The results show that the metaphors used for the child by these two groups have insightful differences

The present study examines the possible relationship between language, geography and the mobility of human populations at macro-level and proposes that the linguistic makeup of the Iranian plateau is shaped by the interplay between three factors: a geographic, a demogrpahic and a linguistic factor. The geographic factor (=ecological+topographic) shapes demographic features (=population mobility vs. sedentarism) by attracting populations to fertile lands vs. sending them off from hostile environments. The Iranian plateau is a vast land with a discrete topography; two features that reduce the possibility of communication between the languages of periphery, while at the same time put them in constant, longterm contact with the lingua franca of the plateau, contemporarily Persian and historically Pahlavi. As a result, the contact component of the linguistic factor (contact vs. isolation) is also determined by geographical and demographic factors at macro-level. This situation brings about what we have dubbed “±communicational accumulation.”, which in turn fascilitates convergence or divergence between different historical and/or geographical dialects. This constant cycle necessitates the existence of a common linguistic variety shared by various ethnicities acrossc the Iranian plateau, that is, the rise of either a lingua franca or a koiné out of local varieties. Iranian plateau has thus witnessed the birth of a lingua franca roughly at its center, spreading toward the multilingual peripheries.

In this research, we have had an exact categorization for different kinds of derivational , compound and derivational-compound present participles in the frame of typological prototypes which is a universal approach towards the parts of speech. In this theory, prototypical and with no morphemes adjectives belong to the semantic class of ‘property’ and to ‘modification’ in terms of propositional act constructions. These prototypical adjectives should be simple and without any morphemes on the basis of structural coding of typological prototypes theory. And the adjectives which are not simple and have morphemes, are considered as marked and non- prototypical adjectives. present participles do not act similarly and are not uniform on the basis of behavioral potential. So, they are not in the same level. They are different in terms of their adjectival, nominal functions. By studying present participles in this research, it is shown that they follow the both criterion of typological prototype, and on the basis of these criterion they are non-prototypical adjectives in Persian. In other words, they are unmarked category in terms of both structural coding and behavioral potential. Finally, their position is specified on the semantic map and their behavioral potentials are shown through diagrams

There is a typological correlation between the adposition type and the order of verb and object in languages. The present survey aims at studying the said correlation in Khorasani Turkish. The corpus of this study is extracted from Iran Linguistic Atlas database, which is compiling in the Research Institute for Cultural Heritage and Tourism. The corpus contains 360 Khorasani Turkish sentences and phrases which contain seven adpositions “with, in, to, from, till, beside, and the object marker “/ra/”. For the manageability of the survey, 24 geographical language varieties of Khorasani Turkish are chosen to be studied and compared.The type of adposition is postposition in all of the studied Khorasani Turkish varieties, which can be independent lexical words or appears as a suffix. The unmarked word order in the studied varieties is Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) like Azeri Turkish and they are all verb-final. Being in contact with Persian and other languages of the region, except in limited cases, has no effect on changing this structure and their other linguistic features. The survey findings show that Khorasani Turkish is consistent with language universals in the correlation between adposition type and the order of verb and object.

bstract: This article studies compounding in different approaches of Generative Grammar, that is, transformational, lexicalist, and government and binding theories. The evidence includes 8579 synthetic and 3974 root compound nouns of contemporary Persian. Results show that grammatical functions and abstract predicates in transformational theories cannot provide suitable mechanisms to form compounds and they deviate from the recoverable principles. Lexicalist approaches cannot explain the compounds made by external and also two arguments. In a strong version of government and binding approaches regarding compounding, the subcategorization frame of a verb is not regarded, the argument is not immediately adjacent to the derived verb stem and the projection principle is also violated. Moreover, the aspect of a compound is derived from inflectional affix which is governed by the inflectional node. In the moderate model of this approach, the derived verb stem is not able to assign the case to a non- adjacent constituent. Data analysis of root and synthetic compound words in Persian proves that morphology- syntax interactional approach explains formation of compounding more efficiently.

The Molki dialect is one of the common dialects in the Gafr, Parmount, and Zangik district of the southern parts of Bashgard, known as Molki gal. This dialect is from the dialect, belonging to the Southwest Iranian dialect family, which is geographically located at the borderline point of the Baluch language family; therefore, in terms of linguistic coordinates, it is the circle of the two linguistic families. Due to the spread of public education and the influx of media and the influence of urban culture, it has been subjected to destruction and destruction. The purpose of the present research is to describe the current system of civilian dialect in this area. For this purpose, the grammatical categories related to the verb, including the vagaries of the time, grammatical, expression, aspect, orientation and direction in this language, have been studied and described. The results of the research indicate that the current device of this dialect uses distinct and variegated vagaries mechanisms for displaying distinctions related to the top five categories, including the distinction of this dialect in the application of the term active block, And the use of dual construct in this dialect. The collection of linguistic data in this dialect is in the form of interviews (questions and answers) as well as free speech recording with five speakers living in this area through dialogue with five men and two women with an average age of about fifty years old / Illiterate

The Academy of Persian Language and Literature has been approved and suggested 524 words as equivalents for foreign terms in music field in 12 years (1999-2011). This study surveyed these productions to define the strategies used by The Academy, and discuss reasons. The Academy has generally used 10 strategies: 1.Claque 2.Finding an equivalent from Persian 3.Compounding 4.integration of synonyms (selecting one equivalence for two or more synonyms) 5.Hybridization 6.Derivation 7.Borrowing 8.Extension 9.Forming equivalence with Persian archaic words 10.Blending. Three main strategies of the Academy are: 1. Borrowing 2.Finding equivalents from Persian existent words 3.Foming new Persian words. The fundamental words of the field of Music have been borrowed and these words' compounds and derivatives have been hybridized. Also, a lot of equivalents have been formed by calquing, and there have been equivalents for a few of words in the realm of Iran's Traditional music. These have been The Academy's main approaches

Linguistic landscape is a research area in sociolinguistics which deals with all observable linguistic data in a geographical area. In this study, first Valiasr Street in Tehran is divided into three districts: District 1 (from Tajrish Square to Chamran Highway); District 2 (from Vanak Square to Motahhari Street); and District 3 (Rah Ahan Square to Moniriye Square). Next, at the final week of the Iranian year, notetaking and photography of the locations have been conducted. Totally, 3180 linguistic data (including huge banners as well as very small stickers) have been collected from which 72 percent are monolingual Persian and almost 20 percent are bilingual Persian-European. The monolingual European and bilingual European-Persian patterns constitute 5.7 and 2.2 percent of the data respectively. Therefore, it is revealed that the most are of linguistic landscape of Valiasr Street in Tehran is in Persian, although the share of non-Persian signs across three demarcated districts is not similar. In the northern districts the share of non-Persian signs is higher than that of the southern district, and the difference highlights the north-south divide. Likewise, the difference in rendering the messages related to the coming year stresses the mentioned divide. The analysis of data related to various businesses also indicate that some businesses such as boutiques, interior decoration firms and travel agencies employ more non-Persian signs.